By the time we finished The Crucible by Arthur Miller, my students were fit to be tied. Students woke up and spoke out disgusted by the power Abigail Williams and her posse held over their community and the destructive judgmental oppressive atmosphere prevalent within the text and their Puritan society. As a class, they knew something went wrong and they wanted to talk about it: 

• “Abigail Williams is a snake.”
• “I hate her.”
• “I can’t say the word.” 
• “She is a little rat – a cold blooded manipulative snake.”
• “She made me feel dirty.”
• “She made me feel good about myself.”
• “She made me feel like I was an amazing person.”
• “She used innocent people!”
• “She exploited the honesty of good people to protect herself.”
• “They (people in the community) became outcasts if they didn’t conform to the way everyone else was thinking.”

The Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, is an anchor text in most American Literature classes. Based on the true events of the Salem Witch trials in Puritan New England during the 1600s, this play tells the story of a Puritan community living in constant fear of judgment that they will be accused of making deals with the devil. If they confessed, they were forgiven and set free. If they did not confess, they were hanged. Members began to confess to save their lives. The protagonist of the story, John Proctor refuses to admit to witchcraft and is hanged:

“I’d have you see some honesty in it. Let them that never lied die now to keep their souls. It is pretense for me, a vanity that will not blind God nor keep my children out of the wind…It is no part of salvation that you should use me! I have three children – how may I teach them to walk like men in the world, and I sold my friends?”

The Crucible is full of characters that use their voices to either destroy or empower. John Proctor’s bravery inspired students to look into their own world and realize that they have a voice they can use to speak out against injustices and wrongs in and against society.
I posed the following discussion questions about how to stand up for themselves and others.

• What are our pressures to conform and the consequences associated with standing up for yourself?
• How can you find your voice?

I asked my students, “For who or whom can you advocate? Who or what in our society needs someone to use their voice – a voice that can lead to change? 

I shared an article as a tangible example of 16 year old Shelby O’Neal with a passion to see marine life have a better chance at survival used a small idea that has let to a big change. We read the following article: Stirred to action: Alaska Airlines to ditch plastic straws in favor of marine friendly stir sticks. 

Students begin to research people, places and problems that need a voice. They create a Canva Postcard-sized document that presents a person, a group, or an issue that needs defending. Students use their voice to explain who or what needs defense, what has been happening to this subject, the results of the actions(s) or inactions(s) toward the subject, and their suggestions for a plan to relieve the suffering this subject is experiencing. 
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One student shared his reflection on the assignment: “You don’t know about who you advocate for, but then when you know, you want to do something about it, you want to be a better person.”
Student Postcard Examples:

One of my favorite assignments with any literature class is social justice connection posts. The goal of this assignment is for the readers to think beyond the text, consider what's happening in the world, make connections between the text and the world, and share their thoughts to start thoughtful discussions.

Each week students are required to spend at least 30 minutes keeping up with social justice related topics as they relate to the topics and themes of the books we are reading. Each student then posts a link to an online article, video, blog, etc. to our discussion board with their thoughts, connections, and wonderings. These initial posts become an engaging and thoughtful resource for us to return to throughout the semester and in the future. 

After they post, students read through what others have posted and respond to ones that stand out to them. We get some fantastic questions and in-depth conversations before the students even come to class. 

These are the exact directions I give: 
Steps:

1. Think about the socio-political concerns raised in the texts, search online,
2. Post a link and your thoughts on the link/connections to texts/how it relates to class material/teaching, AND
3. Read over some of the posts by your classmates and start/contribute to the conversation. This is meant to be an online dialogue!

A couple of weeks ago, we read  Blended by Sharon Draper. Students connected to several topics from the novel: Black Lives Matter, divorce, emotional well being of students, multiracial families, and more. The protagonist Izzy is a child with divorced parents, who often feels out of place and like she didn’t have a permanent home. She alternated weekly with her parents and struggled to find her identity. Izzy is affected, especially emotionally, by the divorce of her parents. Here are some excerpts and connections students made to the text.
 
One student posted:

• "I wanted to research the experience of students who identify as multiracial in U.S. schools after reading Sharon Draper's portrayal of Isabella's treatment by some of her peers. According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 10 percent of children born in the U.S. in 2013 had parents of more than one race, and this demographic is growing quickly. While being multiracial is an enriching experience for most children and has not been found to change children's self-esteem or raise their risk of psychiatric problems, those who embrace their multiracial or multicultural identity end up happier than multiracial children who identify with only one race. This data suggests that it's important for schools to be places where students don't feel they have to conform to a single racial stereotype or identity and where all aspects of their identity are affirmed. Pertinent to Blended, the AACAP notes that "multiracial children in divorced families may have greater difficulties accepting and valuing the cultures of both parents." This article offers some helpful anecdotes and examples of how educators can make schools and classrooms welcoming and affirming for children who identify as multiracial. Nancy Brown, president of the Association for MultiEthnic Americans, states that it's important not to create another ambiguous racial category called "multiracial" on forms, because we want to move away from classifying people by race — instead, the standard now is to allow people to select multiple options." 

Some of the responses from classmates were:

• "This post is super informative and I'm glad there are resources out there to support and affirm multiracial children. This makes me think about standardized testing and how children are forced to select one race when they are clarifying their background information. This is also something that is brought up in Blended, and I can imagine that it is super frustrating for multiracial children to feel like they have to align with one racial identifier. I hope that as schools continue to diversify, they encourage students to embrace all aspects of their identity rather than pushing conformity and limitations."
• "Children should not have to choose to identify with only one aspect of their identity, as they do on forms and standardized tests. Classrooms should be a place where all identities are embraced. I would love to see literature and classroom resources that embrace all identities and help all children feel represented!"
• "I love this call for understanding, accepting, and supporting students with difficult home situations. I think that in Izzy's story we see that when her friends understand and support her in her situation she finds some comfort. I had a student whose parents were divorced and his home life at different parents' houses were very different which caused him to fluctuate emotionally in the classroom. Being able to work with him to set the expectations in our classroom while giving him space to learn to work through these difficult switches and emotions ended up creating an easier transition for him with time. I think that is the most important piece I learned about social-emotional learning. It takes time like any other learning but it is so worth it!!"

Tips:
1. Use the posts to deepen in-person discussions both whole group and in small group. It's great to hear a student in a small group say, "In your social justice post this week, I thought about..." or when a group member asks a question and a student says, "Oh, I wrote my post on that this week!" If necessary, provide sentence stems to help students get started with thoughtful discussion. Some examples:

• I can relate to the part you shared about (topic) because (reason).​
• Your post changed the way I think about (topic) because (reason).​

• When (name) commented on your post, it made me think of (topic). 

• You asked a great question at the end of your post, let's explore that together. (inset question from the post)

2. Practice giving continuing the conversation comments. Sometimes we sort discussion ending statements vs continuing conversation statements. Other times we orally practice how we can respond to someone to keep the conversation vibrant and alive. 
3. I don't actually ask students to track time their 30 minute investigation outside of class--it's just a guideline/expectation.

The above examples are with college students, and you might think that this would be impossible with your students. It is not! I did this with middle school students. While reading Alma Fullerton's Walking on Glass, 8th graders connected to real world articles on suicide-attempts, comas, and depression where they shared statistics, causes, resources, etc. for supporting mental health in themselves and others. Another example is when the 7th graders read Wednesday Wars by Gary Schmidt, and they connected to adolescents changing relationships with their parents, the Vietnam War, religious differences in the town, and trying to figure out what really matters. I've learned that when we task students and readers to connect to the wider world and life outside of school, they are more willing to engage in the "necessary school-ELA" discussions in class. It's also extremely rewarding for students to amplify their connections from their lives to our classroom community. 

What ways have you connected the world to your students' learning? 

Emily Pendergrass is an Associate Professor of Literacy at Vanderbilt University. Prior to her current role, she spent 9 years with middle school students. The social justice student example posts shared above are from reading education students: Grace Carter, Samantha Horowitz, Kate Petras, and Mollie Sullivan.