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From Classroom Reading to Collective Action: Praxis and YAL by Kate Kedley

2/17/2020

 
Another week and another new contributor to Dr. Bickmore's YA Wednesday. I meet Kate Kedley a few years ago. I was immediately impressed by Kate's energy and complete engagement in activities that are important to their research. Kate spent several years in Honduras and is fluent in Spanish. This week Kate asks us to engage more directly in YA Literature that accurately address the immigrant experience.  Now, it is Kate's turn.

From Classroom Reading to Collective Action: Praxis and YAL
To Read it in Spanish Drop to the Bottom!

Last November, I acquired an advance copy of the now infamous novel American Dirt (Cummins, 2020) at NCTE in Baltimore; it was handed to me as I weaved my way through the hoard of teachers in the exhibition hall. I hadn’t heard of the book, and it soon sat on my campus bookshelf along with the other couple of dozen or so books I brought home. My students claimed some of the books, and thumbed through others, but American Dirt remained.  In December, I read a critique of American Dirt by author Myiram Gurba (@lesbrains) entitled Pendeja You Ain't Steinbeck, and then followed the ensuing controversy on social media.
 
The post-Gurba discussion can be with engaged with on NPR Latino USA, (and Vulture and The Guardian), and these sites are thorough in ways I won’t elaborate on here. Briefly, American Dirt is about a migrant fleeing Mexico and heading towards the US on top of La Bestia, the freight trains migrants ride on their way north through Mexico. Cummins was critiqued for her lack of research for the book, her naivete about Mexican Spanish and culture, and her glorification of violence in the main character’s journey, with some calling it "trauma porn." The conversation has called for more diversity in publishing, more solidarity with #OwnVoices authors, and more responsibility for (white, cisgender, heterosexual) authors in terms of researching and respecting marginalized characters or communities before writing them into books. Furthermore, the hashtag #DignidadLiteraria was used to call for more representation of Latino authors in the publishing industry.
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Central American-Americans (@DichosdeunBicho) on social media brought up the very obvious, but nearly entirely ignored fact that it is Central Americans who travel on the dangerous train La Bestia ,and not typically Mexican migrants. Why is this so, and why is it so obvious?  Because Central Americans are undocumented in Mexico, and thus, are not allowed to travel there without prior permission; this is why the La Bestia exists – so Central American migrants can avoid the Mexican immigration enforcement for a two-thousand mile journey in Mexico, BEFORE they reach the US-Mexico border, where they then must avoid US immigration enforcement. 

La Bestia (Images and Stories)

American Dirt, A "Grapes of Wrath for Our Time"...? I Don't Think So.*

How does this anecdote, coupled with the American Dirt controversy, relate to young adult literature?  I wouldn’t categorize American Dirt as young adult literature, except it was handed to me at the NCTE annual meeting, and it was labeled a “Grapes of Wrath for our time…” Thus, this text will be in secondary classrooms and in the hands of youth. At the end of this essay, I offer five alternative young adult texts that represent the realities of immigration written by authors in communities who migrate.

Through young adult literature, readers are exposed to #OwnVoices and other diverse texts and authors. With a book about immigration, young adults are reading a narrative to set alongside public discourses about migrant caravans and border walls. Are we, as teachers, educators, and readers of young adult literature, doing enough to ensure that youth are ALSO engaging with the way our government’s policies and social conversations impact real people on individual and personal levels? We can exchange American Dirt for a young adult title with a better representation of migration to the US.  We can curate diverse books for our classrooms, ask critical questions of our students, and challenge youth and ourselves to think deeply about immigration. This is all essential work by academics, educators, teachers, and students. What I would like to add to this conversation is how we can – as citizens of the world – broaden our applications of praxis through reading young adult literature. 
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​Two weeks ago, I spent a Sunday afternoon with a family of twelve immigrants who live near me.  I have been close with their family for fifteen years, both those who live in Central America (I lived in Honduras for four years), and those who live in the US. Three of them rode on La Bestia. Five of them have no paperwork and are undocumented. Two have standing deportation orders, and work very hard at staying in the shadows. One of them had la migra (ICE) looking for them in January, and has been hiding in an alternative location since. None of them had heard of the #OwnVoices movement in young adult literature. Zero had read American Dirt or knew of the controversy about its publication. 
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Our government officials and our institutions act boldly and decisively in order to deter, oppress, and marginalize immigrants and immigrant communities. As teachers of young adult literature, we should be offering diverse selections of young adult books, asking hard questions, engaging in difficult discussions.  But we also need to model praxis, or informed consciousness and collective action against social injustices, and should move beyond the four walls of a classroom, a careful selection of diverse books, or thoughtful questions. Young adult literature – as a political text in the classroom – should build a critical consciousness that is actively alive. We must engage and advocate in socially just ways with the people in our communities, especially those we read about in order to fulfill needs for a diverse curriculum. Our students, and readers of young adult literature, must learn that collective action is an essential part of a critical consciousness and an integral part of their identity-construction as a reader. ​
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As long as there are Central American migrants tear-gassed on our border by our law enforcement, it isn’t enough to just read their stories. Class discussions and literature circles are a good start, but we also have a moral imperative to speak out boldly and act upon such injustices as ICE arresting hundreds of people last week in New Jersey, or an ICE agent shooting an immigrant in the face last week in New York.
 
How can we foster praxis through young adult literature? Ideally, readers would decide what praxis looks like for them in each setting, through a process of collective and responsible critical conscious-building.  Perhaps, after reading a book about immigrant experiences, readers might investigate school policies that could make the space unwelcoming to immigrant families, or plan a meeting with lawmakers about federal immigration law and advocate for sanctuary spaces. After engaging with LGBTQ young adult literature, perhaps readers will see and act upon a lack of gender neutral bathrooms in city buildings or in the school.
 
We must commit to making a connection between young adult literature and direct action upon social injustices. Our students’ identity as a reader must include a critical consciousness component, where reading prompts a critical understanding of a topic. This allows readers to build an active critical consciousness that works for and engages with the humanity of our communities.
 
Gracias al poeta Omar, mis hermanos Guato y G.L., y mi prima Grecia por la plactica sobre el tema

*****************

These five titles centering youth and the Latino immigrant experience (and more) are on my list of “to-reads”:

1) Children of the Land (Marcelo Hernandez Castillo)

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2) Fiebre Tropical (Juli Delgado Lopera)

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3) Running (Natalia Sylvester)

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4) Ordinary Girls (Jaquira Diaz)

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5) Across a Hundred Mountains (Reyna Grande)

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Until next time.
* Neither Kate nor I think American Dirt deserves any more undue attention when there are so many other, authentic options.

Dr. Kate Kedley can be reached at: ​[email protected]

Para Leer la Contribution en Espanol, Empeza Aqui!

​En noviembre pasado, adquirí una copia de la novela que ahora tiene un nivel de infame, American Dirt (Cummins, 2020) en una conferencia de pedagogía y literatura; me la entregaron mientras caminaba entre profesores en la sala de exposiciones. No había escuchado del libro, y pronto se quedo en mi escritorio junto con las otras dos docenas de libros que traje a casa. Mis alumnos recogieron algunos de los libros, pero American Dirt quedo. En diciembre, leí una crítica quejada de American Dirt del autor Myiram Gurba (@lesbrains) titulada Pendeja No Eres Steinbeck, y luego busque la controversia que siguió en las redes sociales.
 
La discusión después lo de Gurba puede estar encontrado en NPR Latino USA (y Vulture y The Guardian), y estos sitios son exhaustivos en formas que no podría detallar aquí. Brevemente, American Dirt se trata de un migrante que huye de México y se camina hacia los Estados Unidos en la cima de La Bestia, los trenes que cargan los migrantes Centroamericanos en su camino hacia el norte. Cummins fue criticada por su falta de investigación para el libro, su ingenuidad sobre el español mexicano y la cultura, y su glorificación de la violencia en México. Algunos lo llamaron su libro "porno traumático". La conversación ha resultado en una llamada por más diversidad en las casas de publicación, más solidaridad con los autores de #OwnVoices, y más responsabilidad para los autores (blancos, cisgéneros, heterosexuales) en términos de investigación y respeto de personajes o comunidades marginadas antes de escribirlos en los libros. Además, el hashtag #DignidadLiteraria se usó para pedir una mayor representación de autores latinos en la industria editorial.
 
Los centroamericanos-estadounidenses (@DichosdeunBicho) en las redes sociales mencionaron un hecho muy obvio, pero casi completamente ignorado. Son los centroamericanos quienes viajan en el peligroso tren La Bestia, y no típicamente los migrantes mexicanos. ¿Por qué es así y por qué es tan obvio? Debido a que los centroamericanos son indocumentados en México y, por lo tanto, no son permitidos a viajar en México sin permiso; Esta es la razón por la existencia de La Bestia, para que los migrantes centroamericanos puedan evitar la aplicación de la ley de inmigración mexicana para un viaje de dos mil millas en México, ANTES de llegar a la frontera entre Estados Unidos y México, donde deben evitar la aplicación de la ley de inmigración estadounidense.
 
¿Cómo se relaciona esta anécdota, junto con la controversia de American Dirt, con la literatura para adolescentes? No clasificaría American Dirt como literatura para adolescentes, excepto que me dieron en reunión anual de NCTE, y fue etiquetada como "Las Uvas de Ira para nuestro tiempo ..." Por lo tanto, este texto estará en las aulas de secundaria y en los manos de la juventud. Al final de este ensayo, ofrezco cinco textos alternativos para adolescentes a leer que representan las realidades de la inmigración escritos por autores en comunidades que migran.


Con literatura para adolescentes, los lectores están expuestos a #OwnVoices y otros textos y autores diversos. Con un libro sobre inmigración, los adolescentes leen una narrativa para poner junto a discursos públicos sobre caravanas de migrantes y muros fronterizos. ¿Estamos, como maestros, educadores y lectores de literatura para adolescentes, haciendo suficiente para asegurar que los jóvenes TAMBIÉN se comprometan con la forma en que las políticas y las conversaciones sociales de nuestro gobierno impactan a las personas reales a nivel individual y personal? Podemos cambiar American Dirt por un título con una mejor representación de la migración a los Estados Unidos. Podemos seleccionar diversos libros para nuestras aulas, hacer preguntas críticas a nuestros estudiantes, y desafiar a los jóvenes y a nosotros mismos a pensar profundamente sobre la inmigración. Todo este es un trabajo esencial de académicos, educadores, maestros, y estudiantes. Lo que me gustaría agregar a esta conversación es cómo podemos, como ciudadanos del mundo, ampliar nuestras aplicaciones de praxis usando como herramienta la lectura de literatura para adolescentes.
 
Hace dos semanas, pasé un domingo por la tarde con una familia de doce inmigrantes que viven cerca de mí. He estado cerca de su familia durante quince años, los que viven en América Central (viví en Honduras por cuatro años) como los que viven en los Estados Unidos. Tres de ellos viajaron encima de La Bestia. Cinco de ellos no tienen papeles y son indocumentados. Dos tienen órdenes de deportación y trabajan muy duro para quedar en las sombras. Uno de ellos tenía a la migra (ICE) buscándolos en enero, y desde entonces se ha estado escondiendo en un lugar alternativo. Ninguno de ellos había oído hablar del movimiento #OwnVoices en la literatura para adolescentes. Cero había leído American Dirt o sabía de la controversia sobre su publicación.
 
Nuestros funcionarios gubernamentales y nuestras instituciones actúan con audacia y decisión para disuadir, oprimir y marginar a los inmigrantes y las comunidades de inmigrantes. Como profesores de literatura para adolescentes, deberíamos ofrecer diversas selecciones de libros para adolescentes, hacer preguntas difíciles y participar en debates difíciles. Pero también necesitamos modelar la praxis o la conciencia critica y la acción colectiva y directa contra las injusticias sociales. Debemos ir más allá de las cuatro paredes de un aula, y mas allá de una selección de diversos libros o preguntas reflexivas. La literatura para adolescentes, como texto político en el aula, debe construir una conciencia crítica que esté activamente activa. Debemos involucrarnos en una manera socialmente justa con las personas de nuestras comunidades, especialmente aquellas sobre las que leemos para satisfacer las necesidades de un currículum diverso. Nuestros estudiantes y lectores de literatura deben aprender que la acción colectiva es una parte esencial de una conciencia crítica y una parte integral de su construcción de identidad como lector.
 
Mientras haya migrantes centroamericanos atacado con gases lacrimógenos en nuestra frontera por nuestra policía, no es suficiente de solo leer sus historias. Las discusiones en clase y los círculos literarios son un buen comienzo, pero también tenemos un imperativo moral para hablar valientemente y actuar sobre injusticias como la migra que detuvieron a cientos de personas la semana pasada en Nueva Jersey, o un agente de la migra que le disparó en la cara a un inmigrante la semana pasada en Nueva York.
 
¿Cómo podemos hacer la formación de la praxis a través de la literatura juvenil? Idealmente, los lectores decidirían cómo es la praxis para ellos, a través de un proceso de construcción de conciencia crítica colectiva y responsable. Quizás, después de leer un libro sobre experiencias de inmigrantes, los lectores podrían investigar las reglas y normas escolares que podrían hacer que el espacio no sea amistoso para las familias inmigrantes, o planear una reunión con legisladores sobre la ley federal de inmigración y abogar por espacios de santuario. Después de comprometerse con la literatura LGBTQ para adultos jóvenes, quizás los lectores verán y actuarán ante la falta de baños de género neutral en los edificios de la ciudad o en la escuela.
 
Debemos comprometernos a hacer una conexión entre la literatura para adolescentes con la acción directa contra las injusticias sociales. La identidad de nuestros estudiantes como lectores debe incluir un componente de conciencia crítica, donde la lectura impulsa una comprensión crítica de un tema. Esto permite a los lectores construir una conciencia crítica activa que trabaja y se involucra con la humanidad de nuestras comunidades.


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    Dr. Steve Bickmore
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    Dr. Bickmore is a Professor of English Education at UNLV. He is a scholar of Young Adult Literature and past editor of The ALAN Review and a past president of ALAN. He is a available for speaking engagements at schools, conferences, book festivals, and parent organizations. More information can be found on the Contact page and the About page.
    Dr. Gretchen Rumohr
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    Gretchen Rumohr is a professor of English and writing program administrator at Aquinas College, where she teaches writing and language arts methods.   She is also a Co-Director of the UNLV Summit on the Research and Teaching of Young Adult Literature. She lives with her four girls and a five-pound Yorkshire Terrier in west Michigan.

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    Evangile is a native of Kigali, Rwanda. He is a college student that Steve meet while working in Rwanda as a missionary. In fact, Evangile was one of the first people who translated his English into Kinyarwanda. 

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